On arguments – you should know:

This is just the outline provided by the SQA and it is available to anyone (here) so use it to revise. As it notes, because ‘reasoning’ is not a particularly new thing, there are various names for all these errors in reasoning. If you are an SQA Higher Philosophy student, it is important that you use their terminology – as your marks will depend on it. This is less the case for IB students.